Category: Masonic Theories

• The Garibaldi "Masonic" Invasion

  This theory held that Italian unification, especially the Garibaldian campaigns and the assault on papal power, was not fundamentally an Italian national movement but a secret Anglo-Masonic operation. In this view, London Freemasons, anti-clerical financiers, and allied lodges used Garibaldi as the sword of a long campaign to destroy the Papacy’s temporal authority. The documented record clearly shows that Garibaldi was active in Freemasonry, that Masonic networks overlapped with broader liberal and nationalist currents, and that the destruction of papal temporal power was central to Italian unification. What remains unproven is the stronger claim that London Freemasons centrally directed the entire process.