Category: 1910s

• The "1919" Solar Eclipse "End of the World"

  This theory held that the total solar eclipse of 29 May 1919, which was used to test Einstein’s prediction about the bending of light by gravity, might coincide with catastrophic disruption of the natural order. In its more popular and alarmist forms, the theory suggested that if Einstein’s strange new view of gravity proved true, then gravity itself might be unstable, breakable, or subject to unknown cosmic effects. The fear belonged less to formal science than to a moment when eclipse panic traditions, sensational journalism, and public misunderstanding of relativity briefly overlapped.

• The "Flat Earth" Revival of 1914

  This theory describes the resurgence of modern flat-earth belief in 1914, when religious anti-scientific movements and zetetic traditions gave renewed force to the claim that the globe was a fraud concealing God’s firmament. The most historically visible focal point of this revival was Wilbur Glenn Voliva of Zion, Illinois, who publicly preached flat-earth doctrine beginning in 1914 and tied it to biblical authority, anti-modernism, and hostility to scientific expertise. In conspiracy form, the globe became not merely a scientific error but a deliberate lie used to suppress divine truth.

• The "Halley’s Comet" Cyanogen Panic (1910)

  This theory held that Earth’s passage through the tail of Halley’s Comet in May 1910 would expose the planet to cyanogen gas and potentially extinguish life. The panic emerged after reports circulated that cyanogen had been identified in the comet’s tail and after popular press coverage amplified the most catastrophic implications of that finding. In many places, the event produced a recognizable market in comet remedies, anti-comet pills, bottled air, gas masks, and protective advice. Although astronomers repeatedly emphasized the extremely diffuse nature of the comet’s tail, the idea that poisonous gases from space could end civilization became one of the best-known scientific panics of the early twentieth century.